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When a hard drive or USB starts failing, recovering data quickly is crucial. ddrescue is a powerful Linux tool designed for this task. Installing ddrescue sudo apt install gddrescue Steps to Recover Data 1. Identify the Drive Run: sudo fdisk -l Note your failing drive (e.g  /dev/sdb ) 2. Create a Backup Image sudo ddrescue -d -r3 /dev/sdb backup.img rescue.log -d Direct disk access -r3 Retries bad sectors 3 times backup.img Saves recovered data rescue.log Logs progress 3. Recover Files from Image sudo mkdir /mnt/recovery sudo mount -o loop backup.img /mnt/recovery Copy files from /mnt/recovery to a safe location. 4. Resume Recovery if Interrupted sudo ddrescue -d -r3 /dev/sdb backup.img rescue.log Uses rescue.log to continue from where it stopped. Conclusion ddrescue  is an efficient way to recover data from failing drives. Always back up important files to avoid data loss!

 WHAT IS IT? Intruders are often referred to as hackers and are the most harmful factors contributing to security vulnerability. They have immense knowledge and an in-depth understanding of technology and security. Intruders breach the privacy of users and aim to steal the confidential information of the users. The stolen information is then sold to third parties, aiming to misuse it for personal or professional gains.  DIFFERENT WAYS OF INTRUDERS Regressively try all short passwords that may open the system for them. Try unlocking the system with default passwords, which will open the system if the user has not made any change to the default password. Try unlocking the system by personal information of the user such as their name, family member names, address, and phone number in different combinations. Making use of a Trojan horse for getting access to the system of the user. Attacking the connection of the host and remote user and getting entry through their connection gate...

WHAT IS RADARE2? Radare2 (r2) is an open-source framework for reverse engineering, binary analysis, and debugging. It provides a command-line interface and a powerful set of tools to analyze, modify, and debug binaries across multiple architectures and platforms. INSTALLAT ION: 1. On Linux:  sudo apt install radare2  # Debian-based sudo pacman -S radare2    # Arch Linux 2. On MacOs: brew install radare2 3. On Windows: You can download the pre-built binaries from the official repository or use WSL for a native Linux experience. FEATURES OF RADARE2: - Batch, commandline, visual and panels interactive modes - Embedded webserver with js scripting and webui - Assemble and disassemble a large list of CPUs - Runs on Windows and any other UNIX flavour out there - Analyze and emulate code with ESIL CONCLUSION Radare2 is a powerful open-source tool for reverse engineering, binary analysis, and debugging. It supports multiple architectures and platforms, making it a versatile ...

 WHAT IS FRIDA? Frida is a dynamic instrumentation toolkit that allows developers and security researchers to inject code into running applications on various platforms (Windows, macOS, GNU/Linux, iOS, Android, FreeBSD, and QNX) to monitor and manipulate their behavior, primarily used for security assessments and penetration testing.  KEY FEATURES: Cross-platform: Works on multiple operating systems. Dynamic Instrumentation: Modify the behavior of running programs without recompilation. JavaScript API: Use JavaScript to write powerful scripts for interacting with processes. Interception: Hook into function calls, modify arguments, and change return values. Introspection: Explore the structure and behavior of applications at runtime. TO GET STARTED WITH FRIDA: Installation: Install Frida on your host machine using pip: pip install frida-tools Target Application: Identify the application you want to instrument. Frida Server: If targeting a mobile device, you may need to run a Fr...

WHAT IS GHIDRA? Ghidra is a free, open-source software framework that helps users analyze, decompile, and debug software. It was developed by the National Security Agency (NSA) to help cybersecurity professionals. HOW DOES GHIDRA WORK? 1. Loading Binaries – Imports various executable formats, detects architecture (x86, ARM, MIPS, etc.), and provides metadata. 2. Disassembly & Decompilation – Converts machine code into assembly and attempts to restore high-level source code. 3. Symbol & Function Analysis – Identifies functions, variables, system calls, and renaming helps improve readability. 4. Data & Control Flow Analysis – Tracks data movement and execution flow using control flow graphs (CFGs). KEY FEATURES OF GHIDRA: 1. Disassembly: Breaks down the machine code into assembly language instructions, making it easier to follow the program flow.  2. Decompilation: Attempts to translate the assembly code back into a higher-level language like C, providing a more readable ...

What is Hydra? Hydra is a command-line tool that performs brute-force attacks on login pages. It supports multiple protocols, including SSH, FTP, Telnet, HTTP, and more. Ethical hackers and penetration testers use Hydra to test password security. Installing Hydra Most Kali Linux versions come with Hydra pre-installed. However, if it's missing, you can install it using: sudo apt update && sudo apt install hydra Check if Hydra is installed by running: hydra -h Step 1: Gather Information Before using Hydra, you need: The target IP address (e.g., 192.168.1.100) A list of potential usernames ( userlist.txt ) A list of possible passwords ( passlist.txt ) Step 2: Run Hydra Use the following command to start the brute-force attack: hydra -L userlist.txt -P passlist.txt ssh://192.168.1.100 Explanation: -L userlist.txt → Specifies the list of usernames. -P passlist.txt → Specifies the list of passwords. ssh://192.168.1.100 → Tells Hydra to attack SSH on the given IP. Step 3: Analy...

 WHAT IS AIRCRACK-NG TOOL? KEY FEATURES OF AIRCRACK-NG TOOL The Aircrack-Ng tool is available in every operating system like Windows, Linux, etc. But mainly it is used in Linux distributions. The Aircrack-Ng tool can show up different Wi-Fi availability in the Monitor mode. The Aircrack-Ng tool uses encrypted packets while monitoring the Wi-Fi networks. So, it is safe to use. The Aircrack-Ng tool can communicate with the access point during operations. The Aircrack-Ng opposes the Access Point. That is the reason, it takes a small amount of time than other applications. USUAGE OF AIRCRACK-NG TOOL FOR WI-FI NETWORK SECURITY Once you have installed Aircrack-Ng, you can use it for several purposes, including monitoring networks and network detection. Below are two examples that demonstrate how to use Aircrack-Ng for these functions. STEP1:TO INSTALL THE REQUIRED DEPENDENCY  apt install tsu STEP2:START NETWORK MONITORING sudo airmon-ng STEP3: CONFIGURING AIRCRACK-NG sudo aircrack-n...

WHAT IS NIKTO? Nikto is an open-source web server scanner that helps security professionals identify vulnerabilities in web applications and websites. It is designed to perform comprehensive testing and is capable of detecting issues such as outdated software, configuration errors, potential security flaws, and other common vulnerabilities in web servers. Nikto scans for over 6,700 known vulnerabilities and has the ability to detect various server configurations and potential risks. HOW DOES NIKTO WORK? Nikto works by sending various requests to the target web server and analyzing the responses. It uses a list of known patterns and vulnerabilities to check for weaknesses and common misconfigurations in the server. Here is a simplified flow of how Nikto works: Requesting the Target: Nikto first connects to the web server or application, either using HTTP or HTTPS. Scanning for Vulnerabilities: The tool checks for vulnerabilities such as outdated software versions, missing security pat...

What is USBKill? USBKill is a security tool in Kali Linux that shuts down your computer if someone inserts or removes a USB device. It helps stop hackers from stealing data or injecting malware. Why Use USBKill? Blocks USB-based hacking attempts. Stops unauthorized access. Protects sensitive forensic data. How to Install USBKill 1. Update your system: sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade - y 2. Clone USBKill: git clone https://github.com/hephaest0s/usbkill.git 3. Open the folder: cd usbkill 4. Install dependencies: sudo pip3 install -r requirements. txt 5. Run USBKill: sudo python3 usbkill. py How USBKill Works It monitors USB ports . If a USB is plugged or removed, it shuts down your system . You can modify settings to log events instead of shutting down. Configuring USBKill Edit the config file: nano usbkill. conf Key options: whitelisted_devices : Allows specific USBs. shutdown   : Set to false to log instead of shutting down. Conclusion USBKill ...

WHAT IS SQLMAP? SQLmap is an open-source tool used to detect and exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities in web applications. It supports various databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and MSSQL. HOW DOES SQLMAP WORK? Target Identification: SQLmap checks user inputs (like form fields or URLs) for possible injection points. Automated Injection: It tests these inputs for SQL injection vulnerabilities. Exploitation: If a vulnerability is found, SQLmap retrieves data from the database. Customization: Users can configure the attack methods and target specific databases. KEY FEATURES OF SQLMAP: Supports Multiple Databases: MySQL, PostgreSQL, MSSQL, and more. Automated Testing: Tests various SQL injection techniques (e.g., error-based, time-based). Data Retrieval: Extracts database info like tables, columns, and user data. Authentication Support: Works with login pages and session cookies. CONCLUSION SQLmap is a powerful and efficient tool for identifying and exploiting SQL injection flaws. ...

In the digital world, hiding sensitive information is a critical need for many. Whether for ethical hacking, cybersecurity, or personal privacy, steganography helps conceal data within images. OutGuess is one such powerful tool that allows you to embed and extract hidden messages from image files. If you’re looking to use OutGuess in real life, this short guide will walk you through the basics. Why Use OutGuess? OutGuess is a command-line steganography tool that helps: ✅ Hide secret messages in images (JPEG/PPM formats). ✅ Maintain image quality while embedding data. ✅ Extract hidden messages easily. Installing OutGuess on Kali Linux OutGuess is pre-installed in Kali Linux. If not, install it using: sudo apt update && sudo apt install outguess Hiding Data in an Image Follow these steps to embed a hidden message: 1️⃣ Prepare Your Files Choose an image (JPEG/PPM format). Create a text file with the secret message (e.g., secret.txt ). 2️⃣ Embed the Message Use this c...

What is Metasploit? Metasploit is a powerful and widely used penetration testing framework designed for security researchers, ethical hackers, and cybersecurity professionals. Developed by Rapid7, Metasploit helps in identifying, exploiting, and validating vulnerabilities in systems, networks, and applications. It provides a wide range of tools for reconnaissance, exploitation, privilege escalation, and post-exploitation activities. How Does Metasploit Work? Metasploit operates by following a structured attack methodology: 1. Information Gathering – Collects data on the target using built-in reconnaissance tools. 2. Vulnerability Scanning – Identifies security weaknesses in the target system. 3. Exploit Selection – Uses predefined exploits to take advantage of vulnerabilities. 3. Payload Deployment – Executes malicious code on the compromised system (e.g., Meterpreter). Key Features of Metasploit: 1. Extensive Exploit Database – Contains hundreds of exploits for various platforms. ...

 WHAT IS OWASP ZAP? OWASP ZAP (Zed Attack Proxy) is a powerful, open-source tool used for web application security testing. It helps developers and security professionals find vulnerabilities in web applications Why Use OWASP ZAP? Find Security Flaws Early: Identifying vulnerabilities during development or testing is much cheaper and easier than fixing them after a security breach. Improve Application Security: By finding and fixing vulnerabilities, you can make your web applications more secure and protect user data. Open Source and Free: ZAP is free to use and has a large community of contributors who constantly improve it. Easy to Use: ZAP has a user-friendly interface that makes it accessible to both beginners and experienced security professionals. Extensible: ZAP can be extended with add-ons to add new features and support for different technologies. KEY FEATURES: Penetration Testing: ZAP acts like a friendly hacker, probing your web application for weaknesses that malicious ...

What is Recon-ng? Recon-ng is an open-source web reconnaissance framework designed to automate OSINT  (Open-Source Intelligence) gathering. It provides a modular interface similar to Metasploit, making it easy for penetration testers to collect and analyze information about a target. How Does Recon-ng Work? Installation & Setup – Install using git clone and run with python3 recon-ng . Workspaces – Create a workspace ( workspaces create target_name ) to organize data. Modules – Load and run modules ( modules load recon/domains-hosts/hackertarget ). API Integration – Use services like Shodan and VirusTotal for deeper analysis. Data Storage & Export – Saves collected data in an SQLite database for further analysis. Key Features of Recon-ng: Modular Framework – Offers over 80 reconnaissance modules. Automated OSINT – Collects domains, subdomains, emails, and IPs. Database Integration – Stores gathered data for easy retrieval. API Key Support – Integrates with various ...

Detecting and classifying malware efficiently is crucial in cybersecurity. YARA is a powerful tool used to identify malware patterns and signatures effectively. Developed by Victor M. Alvarez , YARA helps security professionals define rules to detect malware based on text or binary patterns. This guide will help you get started quickly. Why Use YARA? YARA is widely used for: Malware detection by scanning files and memory. Threat hunting in cybersecurity operations. Identifying Indicators of Compromise (IoCs) . Reverse engineering and forensic analysis . It provides a structured approach to malware classification using custom rules that allow for effective detection of threats across different environments. Installing YARA Before using YARA, you need to install it. Here’s how: For Linux (Ubuntu/Debian) sudo apt update && sudo apt install yara - y Writing Your First YARA Rule YARA rules help identify malicious files based on patterns. A basic rule looks like this: r...

WHAT IS NMAP? Nmap (Network Mapper) is an open-source network scanning and security auditing tool. It is widely used by security professionals, system administrators, and ethical hackers to discover hosts, detect services, identify vulnerabilities, and map networks efficiently. Originally developed by Gordon Lyon, Nmap is known for its versatility in scanning networks of all sizes. HOW DOES NMAP WORK? Nmap works by sending packets to target systems and analyzing their responses. It uses different types of scans, such as: 1. Ping Scans – To check if a host is online. 2. Port Scans – To identify open ports and services. 3. Service & Version Detection – To determine the exact versions of running applications. 4. OS Detection – To guess the operating system of a target. 5. Nmap Scripting Engine (NSE) – Runs scripts for vulnerability detection, brute force attacks, and malware scans. Nmap can scan both individual hosts and large networks, making it a powerful tool for reconnaiss...

 WHAT IS SQLMAP? sqlmap is an open-source penetration testing tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection vulnerabilities in web applications. It can be used to identify and exploit these security flaws to gain unauthorized access to sensitive data or even take control of the database server.    Here's a breakdown of what sqlmap does and why it's used: What sqlmap does: Detects SQL injection vulnerabilities: sqlmap can automatically identify various types of SQL injection flaws in web applications. These flaws occur when user input is improperly handled by the application, allowing an attacker to inject malicious SQL code. Supports various database systems: sqlmap works with a wide range of database management systems (DBMS), including MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and others.    Provides a powerful detection engine: sqlmap uses advanced techniques to identify even complex SQL injection vulnerabilities. sqlmap is ...

INTRODUCTION TO BLACKARCH LINUX? BlackArch Linux is a specialized Linux distribution designed for penetration testing and security research. It's built on top of Arch Linux, known for its lightweight and flexible nature. BlackArch inherits these qualities and expands upon them by providing a vast collection of security-related tools and software. FEATURES OF BLACKARCH: 1. Extensive Tool Repository: BlackArch provides a vast and curated collection of over 3000 penetration testing tools and security-related software, covering a wide range of cybersecurity domains. 2. Arch Linux Base: Built on the Arch Linux framework, BlackArch inherits the benefits of a rolling release model, allowing users to have the latest software updates and security patches. 3. Customization and Flexibility: Users can easily customize their BlackArch installation, tailoring it to their specific needs and preferences. The Arch Linux Pacman package manager facilitates straightforward software management. INST...

 WHAT IS NIKTO? Nikto is an open source (GPL) web server scanner that performs vulnerability scanning against web servers for multiple items, including dangerous files and programs. Nitko checks for outdated versions of web server software.  Checks for server configuration errors, Checks for CGI vulnerabilities, and Captures and prints any cookies received.  MAIN FEATURES: Nikto is free to use, open source and frequently updated Can be used to scan any web server (Apache, Nginx, Lighttpd, Litespeed, etc.) Scans against 6,700+ known vulnerabilities and version checks for 1,250+ web servers (and growing) Scans for configuration-related issues such as open index directories SSL certificate scanning Ability to scan multiple ports on a server with multiple web servers running Ability to scan through a proxy and with http authentication Ability to specify maximum scan time, exclude certain types of scans and unusual report headers seen as well. KALI BASED INSTALLATION: 1. First...

 OPENVAS: OPEN VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT SCANNER OpenVAS (Open Vulnerability Assessment Scanner) is a free, open-source vulnerability scanner that helps identify and fix security weaknesses in systems. It's part of the Greenbone Vulnerability Manager (GVM) software framework.  What OpenVAS can do Test systems for security holes, Perform unauthenticated and authenticated testing, Test a variety of internet and industrial protocols, Tune performance for large-scale scans, and Implement any type of vulnerability test.  WORKING OF OPENVAS: A vulnerability assessment tool works in the following way as follows: Classifies the system resources. Allocates the enumerable values to the classified resources. Detects the possible threats (vulnerabilities) in each resource. Eliminates the vulnerabilities on a priority basis. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF OPENVAS: OpenVAS provides several benefits like offering comprehensive vulnerability detection, supporting customization and scalability, ...